[117], Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production. Many cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. Port Hueneme Beach Park Surf Guide. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Cuiabá, Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza, Belém and Manaus, among others. Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries. Chilean kiwi. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. Brazil is one of the 10 largest steel producers in the world, and Argentina is one of the 30 largest, Klabin industrial complex, in Ortigueira. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border, although some may consider the border instead to be the Panama Canal. [157], About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá, Port of Itajaí, Port of Rio Grande, Port of São Francisco do Sul and Suape Port. Notably, starting with the election of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced what has been termed a pink tide[citation needed] – the election of several leftist and center-left administrations to most countries of the area, except for the Guianas and Colombia. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). In 1879 the war began with Chilean troops occupying Bolivian ports, followed by Bolivia declaring war on Chile which activated an alliance treaty with Peru. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of Earth's species. In tropical regions the most important crops are coffee, cocoa and bananas, mainly in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. In 1865 the three countries signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. An estimated 90% of South Americans are Christians[57] (82% Roman Catholic, 8% other Christian denominations mainly traditional Protestants and Evangelicals but also Orthodox), accounting for c. 19% of Christians worldwide. [3], There has been a mill in the area since 1820. It can also be described as a southern subcontinent of the Americas. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2016 to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investments. [1][2] South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). 727.431.0566. [58][59]. The Credit River runs through the park. Due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation conditions, the region's water resources vary enormously in different areas. [114][115][116] In textile industry, Brazil, although it was among the 5 largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated in world trade. In: Juan Luis Eugenio-Martín, Noelia Martín Morales, Riccardo Scarpa (February 2004), Learn how and when to remove this template message, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, History of South America § Pre-Columbian era, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, three wealthiest South American countries, Argentine–Brazilian–Chilean naval arms race, List of South American countries by population, Scheme for geographic regions and subregions, History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean, List of Indigenous peoples of South America, Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo, List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal), List of South American countries by GDP (PPP), Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A), List of World Heritage Sites in South America, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Parts of Chile's Atacama Desert haven't seen a drop of rain since recordkeeping began. Palm plantation in Magdalena. [85] This wide gap can be seen in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and upper-class luxury apartments; nearly one in nine South Americans live on less than $2 per day (on a purchasing power parity basis).[86]. The capture of crustaceans is remarkable, particularly in northeastern Brazil and Chile. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with Paraguay: the dam is located on the Paraná River, located on the border between countries. In the Portuguese Kingdom of Brazil, Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese King Dom João VI, proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822, which later became the Empire of Brazil. It includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; one region of France: French Guiana[note 8]; and dependencies of sovereign state. Meanwhile, the Argentine Civil Wars plagued Argentina since its independence. [58][59] Almost all Muslims in Suriname are either Javanese or Indians and in Guyana, most are Indian. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the House of Braganza avoided capture by escaping to Brazil. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). East Asian religions such as Japanese Buddhism, Shintoism, and Shinto-derived Japanese New Religions are common in Brazil and Peru. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas. The Paraguayan version, terere, differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. One third of all salmon sold in the world comes from the country. The pro-Brazilian Uruguayan government showed its support by sending troops. The equatorial current of the South Atlantic strikes the coast of the Northeast and there is divided into two others: the current of Brazil and a coastal current that flows to the northwest towards the Antilles, where there it moves towards northeast course thus forming the most Important and famous ocean current in the world, the Gulf Stream.[23][26]. [41] The Germans still made numerous attacks on Brazilian ships on the coast, causing Brazil to declare war on the Axis powers in 1942, being the only South American country to fight in this war (and in both World Wars). While the Portuguese, English, French and Dutch settlers enslaved mainly African blacks, the Spaniards became very disposed of the natives. Sunflower plantation in Argentina. Tourism brings important currencies to the continent. Recently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions: Mercosur and the Andean Community, thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in recent decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil). Most of the continent's energy is generated through hydroelectric power plants, but there is also an important share of thermoelectric and wind energy. Rather, he was making a political statement in opposition to the monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated Buenos Aires politics. Lemax. Three years later, the United Kingdom intervened in the question by proclaiming a tie and creating in the former Cisplatina a new independent country: The Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish, and societies and states reflect Western traditions. [24] In the Orinoco Llanos and in the Guianas Plateau, the precipitation levels go from moderate to high. Argentina and Chile are among the 10 largest grape and wine producers in the world and Brazil among the 20 largest. [139][140], In 2013, the Southeast Region used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. North Port. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Exports reach almost US$400 billion annually, with Brazil accounting for half of this. In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries. Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft (Embraer), food, pharmaceutical, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. The most important highway in the country is the Route 5 (Pan-American Highway)[156] These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways. Slaves were brought to the mainland on slave ships, under inhuman conditions and ill-treatment, and those who survived were sold into the slave markets. The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation, with several civil and international wars. Frank D. MacCann – 'Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe', vol. Chile, Argentina and Brazil have recovered fastest, growing at an average of 5% per year. This year, the country produced 35.1 billion liters. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. [25] The Atacama Desert, along this stretch of coast, is one of the driest regions in the world. In 1750 Portugal abolished native slavery in the colonies because they considered them unfit for labour and began to import even more African slaves. Currently: Brazil is the world's largest exporter of chicken meat: 3.77 million tonnes in 2019. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians), Africans and Amerindians. Credit: Port Macquarie-Hastings Council. South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. These countries alone account for more than 75 percent of the region's economy and add up to a GDP of more than US$3.0 trillion. There is also a considerable infrastructure of ports and airports. Some democratically elected governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. According to the 2019 list, Brazil has the thirteenth most valuable industry in the world (US$173.6 billion), Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to obtain this value), Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), Peru the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion). However, due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone, South Atlantic tropical cyclones are rare. [159] The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km of tracks, was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. Continent mostly in the Southern Hemisphere of Planet Earth, "Southern America" redirects here. Chile annexed territories of both countries leaving Bolivia with no path to the sea. [121], In the beginning of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, Brazil exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. [141][142], As of September 2020,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind power was 16.3 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%. Crypto-Jews or Marranos, conversos, and Anusim were an important part of colonial life in Latin America. The anchovy catch reaches thousands of tonnes, and tuna is also abundant (Peru is a major exporter). Beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors, first from Spain and later from Portugal. South American Cricket Championship is an international one-day cricket tournament played since 1995 featuring national teams from South America and certain other invited sides including teams from North America, currently played annually but until 2013 was usually played every two seasons. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and in Paraguay.[56]. The City of Port Washington is seeking public input on proposed water, sewer, and street improvements in 2021. Eventually, the natives and the Spaniards interbred, forming a mestizo class. Rio de Janeiro installed the first railroad of the continent in 1854. Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the Paraguayan War. Sometimes included. Brazil followed by Peru have the largest Japanese, Korean and Chinese communities in South America, Lima has the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America. In the late 19th century, the most democratic countries were Brazil,[52][full citation needed] Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.[53]. This new political organization, known as Union of South American Nations, seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs. An isolated volcanic island near the boundary between the, Occasionally included. Maize in Dourados. The country is the third largest producer of honey in the world. The Colombian Fernando Botero (1932) is one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture that continues still active and has been able to develop a recognizable style of his own. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Portico of the Democrata men's shoe factory, in Franca. Most of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. [148][149], Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity. From this point until the north of the Chilean coast appear, successively, Mediterranean oceanic climate, temperate of the Breton type and, already in Tierra del Fuego, cold climate of the Siberian type. It is currently the only inhabited continent in the world without monarchies; the Empire of Brazil existed during the 19th century and there was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia in southern Argentina and Chile. Later in 1836, while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency, Rio Grande do Sul proclaimed its independence motivated by a tax crisis. Brazil is the second largest global iron ore exporter, has 98% of the known niobium reserves in the world, and it's one of the 5 biggest world's productors of bauxite, manganese and tin. Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by Chavín by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Bahia, Brazil, is especially well known for its West African–influenced cuisine. [82], Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina that occurred in the period from 1998 to 2002, which has led to economic recession, rising unemployment and falling population income, the industrial and service sectors have been recovering rapidly. Its population as of 2018[update] has been estimated at more than 423 million. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). The two most important highways in the country are BR-101 and BR-116. The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America. The country lost 40% of its territory to Brazil and Argentina and lost 60% of its population, including 90% of the men. [40], Also in this period the first naval battle of World War II was fought on the continent, in the River Plate, between British forces and German submarines. The Bolivians were completely defeated in 1880 and Lima was occupied in 1881. [38][39] Later in 1932 Colombia and Peru entered a short armed conflict for territory in the Amazon. Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, Woodard, James P. "A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil; From Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt" Duke University Press 2009 Chapter 3 "War and the Health of the State" especially pp. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (Montevideo), Paraguay (Asunción), Peru (Lima), Bolivia (La Paz) and Ecuador (Quito). The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919–1999) from Ecuador, represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America[127] highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The last international war to be fought on South American soil was the 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and the Peru along their mutual border. Between 1836 and 1839 the War of the Confederation broke out between the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation and Chile, with the support of the Argentine Confederation. Other notable features of the park include a kettle lake and talus slope. On the coast of Peru, northeast and south of Brazil, cotton is grown. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. Industries in South America began to take on the economies of the region from the 1930s when the Great Depression in the United States and other countries of the world boosted industrial production in the continent. [4] The dam was later destroyed and the lake drained. Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. In the tourism sector, a series of negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid subtropical climate with dry winters and humid summers of the Chinese type, while the western and eastern ranges have a subtropical climate of the dinaric type. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. [73][74] In Peru, European descendants are the third group in number (15%).[75]. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. This Canadian protected area related article is a stub. One of the earliest known South American civilizations was at Norte Chico, on the central Peruvian coast. By contrast, Aves Island (administered by Venezuela) and the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (San Andrés Island, Providencia Island, and Santa Catalina Island etc., which are administered by Colombia) are politically parts of South American countries but physiographically parts of North America.[11][18][19]. There are still some uncontacted tribes residing in the Amazon Rainforest.[80]. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. After independence, all South American countries maintained slavery for some time. Brazil has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. Known as Tawantin suyu, and "the land of the four regions," in Quechua, the Inca Empire was highly distinct and developed. [82], Only Brazil and Argentina are part of the G20 (industrial countries), while only Brazil is part of the G8+5 (the most powerful and influential nations in the world). 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A large commercial network based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-gatherers extension of 30,000! Regulated as a provincial park in 1985 of locks, major dredging works and mainly... The Brazilians Machado de Assis and João Guimarães Rosa are widely regarded as the Humboldt.
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