King was soon released. When a mostly white jury acquitted the police officers who were caught on video beating Rodney King, it set off the L.A. riots of 1992. King had an older sister, Willie Christine, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. He died in prison on April 23, 1998. Three other African American passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated. By the end of the Birmingham campaign, King and his supporters were making plans for a massive demonstration on the nation's capital composed of multiple organizations, all asking for peaceful change. By August of 1960, the sit-ins had been successful in ending segregation at lunch counters in 27 southern cities. READ MORE: How Martin Luther King Jr. In the 1970s, FBI files, released under the Freedom of Information Act, revealed that he was under government surveillance, and suggested his involvement in adulterous relationships and communist influences. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. The students would sit at racially segregated lunch counters in the city's stores. Over the years, extensive archival studies have led to a more balanced and comprehensive assessment of his life, portraying him as a complex figure: flawed, fallible and limited in his control over the mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deeply committed to achieving social justice through nonviolent means. In his first speech as the group's president, King declared, "We have no alternative but to protest. Cypress Hall D, 466 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305-4146 Rustin served as King's mentor and advisor throughout his early activism and was the main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. The newlyweds moved to A.D.'s home in Atlanta. African American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had studied Gandhi's teachings, became one of King's associates and counseled him to dedicate himself to the principles of nonviolence. However, his father changed Martin's name in homage of German professor of theology, Martin Luther. History 107 11/08/2017 Prof. Ulrich Paper option 7 - Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. âI have a Dreamâ The Civil Rights Movement was a zealous and essential period in American History. In the fall of his senior year, he told his father of his decision. On March 2, 1955, a 15-year-old girl refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery city bus in violation of local law. After his assassination, he was memorialized by Martin Luther King Jr. Day. — Martin Luther King, Jr. / "I Have A Dream" speech, August 28, 1963. By 1960, King was gaining national exposure. Building upon the achievements of Stanford University's Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project, the King Institute supports a broad range of educational activities illuminating Dr. King's life and the movements he inspired. —“I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” Address Delivered at Bishop Charles Mason Temple, 3 April 1968. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. https://www.biography.com/activist/martin-luther-king-jr. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. The shooter, a malcontent drifter and former convict named James Earl Ray, was eventually apprehended after a two-month, international manhunt. Our website offers some of the best primary and secondary sources available and we hope you enjoy the process of discovering new information and ideas about the past and present. The Rev. In January 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy and 60 ministers and civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to harness the moral authority and organizing power of Black churches. The bus driver noted that there were several white men standing and demanded that Parks and several other African Americans give up their seats. Topics: African American, African-American Civil Rights Movement, Civil disobedience, Community organizing, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Protest, Rosa Parks Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most influential figures in the US civil-rights movement, and he remains revered by people all over the world today.. Much of what people know about Dr. King is limited to his iconic role in the 1963 March on Washington.But beyond his timeless, quotable speeches, there are many fascinating aspects to learn about the reverend's life. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed into law a bill creating Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a federal holiday honoring the legacy of the slain civil rights leader. He returned to Atlanta to become co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church but also continued his civil rights efforts. The King and Williams families had roots in rural Georgia. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. In the 50s and 60s his leadership in the civil rights movement not only won King a Nobel Peace Prize but also helped bring about radical change in the United States. The rising tide of civil rights agitation produced a strong effect on public opinion. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Encyclopedia, based on the extensive historical research originally conducted for The Papers, has over 280 articles on civil rights movement figures, events, and organizations. Though his counsel was invaluable to King, many of his other supporters urged him to distance himself from Rustin. FACT CARD. Often, it seemed as though the pattern of progress was two steps forward and one step back. But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.". But his life remains controversial as well. Nixon, head of the local NAACP chapter met with King and other local civil rights leaders to plan a Montgomery Bus Boycott. The driver asked her again to give up her seat and again she refused. The King children grew up in a secure and loving environment. Matt Herron, civil rights photojournalist and activist, dies at 89, John Robert Lewis, SNCC founder and chairman, civil rights leader, and congressman, dies at 80. Please c ontact Intellectual Properties Management (IPM), the exclusive licensor of the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. at licensing@i-p-m.com or 404 526-8968. She is chief executive officer of the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta, Georgia. He had grown tired of marches, going to jail, and living under the constant threat of death. King encouraged students to continue to use nonviolent methods during their protests. King's skillful rhetoric put new energy into the civil rights struggle in Alabama. The $100 I Bond features a picture of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. View the portraits and a brief biography of each honored American below. And so just as I say we aren’t going to let any dogs or water hoses turn us around, we aren’t going to let any injunction turn us around. The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. Born as Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr. was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. On October 19, 1960, King and 75 students entered a local department store and requested lunch-counter service but were denied. King won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, among several other honors. In April 1960, the SCLC held a conference at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina with local sit-in leaders. Though they undoubtedly tried, King’s parents couldn’t shield him completely from racism. Database with the archival locations of King-related documents, a King Encyclopedia, ancillary Institute publications, and recommended readings. She sat in the first row of the "colored" section in the middle of the bus. But the African American community also took legal action against the city ordinance arguing that it was unconstitutional based on the Supreme Court's "separate is never equal" decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Curry sliced Kingâs hand before plunging a seven-inch blade into the left side of Kingâs chest, according to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Research ⦠On December 1, 1955, they got another chance to make their case. On March 25, the number of marchers, which had grown to an estimated 25,000, gathered in front of the state capitol where King delivered a televised speech. He sought to broaden his base by forming a multi-racial coalition to address the economic and unemployment problems of all disadvantaged people. But then it was revealed that Colvin was pregnant and civil rights leaders feared this would scandalize the deeply religious Black community and make Colvin (and, thus the group's efforts) less credible in the eyes of sympathetic white people. When asked to leave or sit in the colored section, they just remained seated, subjecting themselves to verbal and sometimes physical abuse. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and philosopher John Rawls offer different justifications of civil disobedience. A comprehensive collection of Dr. King's most significant correspondence, sermons, speeches, published writings, and unpublished manuscripts. King met with religious and civil rights leaders and lectured all over the country on race-related issues. They would help conduct non-violent protests to promote civil rights reform. Martin luther king jr. uses repetition to get his point across. News, events, and information about Institute director Clayborne Carson and the staff. On March 21, approximately 2,000 people began a march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capitol. His life and work have been honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Mall in Washington, D.C. He took over the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist church with around 13 members and made it into a forceful congregation. Somewhere I read of the freedom of press. On September 20, 1958, King was stabbed in the chest by Izola Ware Curry. In 1948, King earned a sociology degree from Morehouse College and attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. But King also rebelled against his father’s more conservative influence by drinking beer and playing pool while at college. The next day, while standing on a balcony outside his room at the Lorraine Motel, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a sniper's bullet. King advocated civil disobedience, the non-violent resistance against unjust laws: "Non-violence is a powerful and just weapon which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it." At first, the local chapter of the NAACP felt they had an excellent test case to challenge Montgomery's segregated bus policy. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. Flush with victory, African American civil rights leaders recognized the need for a national organization to help coordinate their efforts. On August 28, 1963, the historic March on Washington drew more than 200,000 people in the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. 5. He was a popular student, especially with his female classmates, but an unmotivated student who floated through his first two years. Although his family was deeply involved in the church and worship, King questioned religion in general and felt uncomfortable with overly emotional displays of religious worship. King's participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout the South, as well as a national platform. Unfortunately, we do not have the capacity to respond to all the research requests we receive. From late 1965 through 1967, King expanded his civil rights efforts into other larger American cities, including Chicago and Los Angeles. Suggested readings about the Civil Rights Movement, fun facts, and audio-visual resources. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in 1986, and in all 50 states in 2000. Please c, ontact Intellectual Properties Management (IPM), the exclusive licensor of the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. at, American Prophet: Online Course Companion, Freedom's Ring: King's "I Have a Dream" Speech. King-related primary and secondary sources and a guide for History Day research. By 1968, the years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. Within the park is his boyhood home and the original Ebenezer Baptist Church, the church where King was baptized and both his father Martin Luther King Sr. and he were pastors He married Alberta in 1926 after an eight-year courtship. Andrew Young Jr. was an activist for the civil rights movement alongside Martin Luther King Jr. We are always excited to hear from students engaged in historical research about Dr. King. He strongly discouraged any sense of class superiority in his children which left a lasting impression on Martin Jr. I may not get there with you. King was not in the march, however, the attack was televised showing horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured. Each of the eight paper I Bonds honors a prominent American who has contributed to the history of the United States and represents the diversity of the American people and culture. The bus boycott involved 382 days of walking to work, harassment, violence, and intimidation for Montgomery's African American community. Not wanting to alienate southern judges by violating the restraining order, a different approach was taken. He completed his Ph.D. and earned his degree in 1955. With entire families in attendance, city police turned dogs and fire hoses on demonstrators. A third march was planned and this time King made sure he was part of it. to stop the segregation between white and african americans. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther Kingâs greatness needs no explanation or introduction. Through his activism and inspirational speeches, he played a pivotal role in ending the legal segregation of African American citizens in the United States, as well as the creation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He was becoming discouraged at the slow progress of civil rights in America and the increasing criticism from other African American leaders. Teenager Claudette Colvin was then arrested and taken to jail. The event was traumatic for King, more so because he was out watching a parade against his parents' wishes when she died. When they refused to leave the counter area, King and 36 others were arrested. But soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation on a traffic conviction. To address this criticism, King began making a link between discrimination and poverty, and he began to speak out against the Vietnam War. Martin Sr. was more the disciplinarian, while his wife's gentleness easily balanced out the father's strict hand. King is the youngest child of Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. King attended Booker T. Washington High School, where he was said to be a precocious student. Please c ontact Intellectual Properties Management (IPM), the exclusive licensor of the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. at licensing@i-p-m.com or 404 526-8968. In May 1941, King was 12 years old when his grandmother, Jennie, died of a heart attack. He continues to be remembered as one of the most influential and inspirational African American leaders in history. Out of this meeting, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed and for a time, worked closely with the SCLC. P: (650) 723-2092 | F: (650) 723-2093 | kinginstitute@stanford.edu | Campus Map. READ MORE: The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. King's life had a seismic impact on race relations in the United States. 3. Reverend Bernice A. It wasn't just that Martin Luther King became the leader of the civil rights movement that made him so extraordinary?it was the way in which he led the movement. But Rustin was also a controversial figure at the time, being a homosexual with alleged ties to the Communist Party. âThe popular perception is that these streets are not worthy of Kingâs name. Parks was arrested and booked for violating the Montgomery City Code. He married Jennie Celeste Parks and they had one child that survived, Alberta. K-12 lesson plans and primary and secondary sources about the modern African American Freedom Struggle. He felt that America's involvement in Vietnam was politically untenable and the government's conduct in the war discriminatory to the poor. Martin Luther King, Jr. The civil rights movement began in 1954 and was led by African Americans to ⦠A. James Earl Ray Fired One Shot at Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the Shot Killed Dr. King Biography of James Earl Ray The committee's investigation Dr. King was killed by one shot fired from in front of him The shot that killed Dr. King was fired from the bathroom window at the rear of a roominghouse at 422 1/2 South Main Street, Memphis, Tenn. James Earl Ray purchased the He also earned a fellowship for graduate study. I am Martin Luther King, Jr. With an introduction written in the voice of Martin Luther King, Jr. himself, this engaging biography takes students on one of the most important historical movements of the twentieth centuryâthe nonviolent campaign for African American equality inspired by Martin Luther King, Jr. Somewhere I read of the freedom of speech. In February 1960, a group of African American students in North Carolina began what became known as the Greensboro sit-in movement. Martin Sr. came from a family of sharecroppers in a poor farming community. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades, and entered Morehouse College in Atlanta at age 15, in 1944. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. waving to the crowd during the March on Washington in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial, where he gave his âI Have a Dreamâ speech. He became involved with a white woman and went through a difficult time before he could break off the affair. Actor, singer Dean Martin starred in several films with Jerry Lewis and belonged to the "Rat Pack," which included Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. Ralph D. Abernathy was a Baptist minister who co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and was a close adviser to Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a scholar and minister who led the civil rights movement. Coretta Scott King was an American civil rights activist and the wife of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther was a German monk who forever changed Christianity when he nailed his '95 Theses' to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Speaking on right-to-work laws in 1961, as quoted in Now Is the Time. Many people in cities not experiencing racial tension began to question the nation's Jim Crow laws and the near-century of second-class treatment of African American citizens. DOWNLOAD BIOGRAPHY'S MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. Plans were in the works for another march on Washington to revive his movement and bring attention to a widening range of issues. This also led to King receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. In May 1936 he was baptized, but the event made little impression on him. In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King eloquently spelled out his theory of non-violence: "Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community, which has constantly refused to negotiate, is forced to confront the issue.". Please do not contact us for this purpose. one way he uses repetition is when he says âlet freedom ringâ four times in a row to give african americans all the rights that a white man has. He thrived in all his studies, and was valedictorian of his class in 1951, and elected student body president. In the spring of 1968, a labor strike by Memphis sanitation workers drew King to one last crusade. Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil-rights activist who had a seismic impact on race relations in the United States, beginning in the mid-1950s. Kennedy expressed his concern for King's harsh treatment for the traffic ticket and political pressure was quickly set in motion. Martin Luther King Jr. was a scholar and minister who led the civil rights movement. King was elected to lead the boycott because he was young, well-trained with solid family connections and had professional standing. In 1969, Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. READ MORE: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Famous Speech Almost Didn’t Have the Phrase 'I Have a Dream'. The trip affected him in a profound way, increasing his commitment to America's civil rights struggle. 4. During the work on his doctorate, King met Coretta Scott, an aspiring singer and musician at the New England Conservatory school in Boston. Mays was an outspoken advocate for racial equality and encouraged King to view Christianity as a potential force for social change. Unorthodox Theology Seventeen demonstrators were hospitalized in a day that would be called "Bloody Sunday.". Growing up in Atlanta, Georgia, King entered public school at age five. 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