Three of the most prominent Hungarian noblemen were executed, and Hungarian resistance flared up again in the fierce Kuruc risings. Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha (1978). This war saw King Charles X of Sweden try to become King of Poland with the aid of allies including György II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 had been a political defeat for the Habsburgs. The Holy Roman emperor Leopold I immediately rejected these proposals. Omissions? In the course of the long struggle with France, the empire scored several military successes; but in the end French diplomacy remained victorious, always dividing the enemy at the decisive moment. Moreover, in 1671, he arranged with him a treaty of neutrality. He was elected and crowned Holy Roman emperor in 1658 and married into the Spanish throne in 1666. The king of Spain, Charles II, was a Habsburg by descent and was related by marriage to the Austrian branch, while a similar tie bound him to the royal house of France. The Journal of Modern History 58 (December 1986). Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. ; 1701–14), Leopold died. From an early age Leopold showed an inclination toward learning.He became fluent in several languages: Latin, Italian, German, French, and Spanish. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (* 9.6.1640, O 1676, † 5.5.1705) O Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Holy Roman Empress consort (* 6.1.1655, O 1676, † 19.1.1720) 11 I-Catalogue Number I-Cat. In 1655 the Lower Austrian estates did homage, and he was elected and crowned king of Hungary, the Bohemian coronation following in 1656. Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; Hungarian: I. Lipót; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and King of Serbia. After struggles with the Turks and the French, Austria emerged under Leopold as a great European power. In 1690 and 1691 Emperor Leopold I had conceived through a number of edicts the autonomy of Serbs in his Empire, which would last and develop for more than two centuries until its abolition in 1912. Greatly influenced by the Jesuits, he was a staunch proponent of the Counter-reformation. Leopold II was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792. [2] Nonetheless, Leopold's church education had clearly marked him. The emperor himself defined the guidelines of the politics. found: Wikipedia, November 1, 2013 (heading: Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg; full name: Eleonore Magdalene Therese; 6 January 1655--19 January 1720; Holy Roman Empress as the spouse of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Video Software we use: https://amzn.to/2KpdCQF Ad-free videos. A more dangerous foe next entered the lists. "The Development of the Eternal Diet in Regensburg". Template:Hungarian kings This perpetual diet would become a vital tool for consolidation of Habsburg power under Leopold.[11]. By the Peace of Vasvár the Emperor made a twenty years' truce with the Sultan, granting more generous terms than his recent victory seemed to render necessary. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1658, Leopold would rule as such until his death in 1705. The full titulature of Leopold after he had become emperor went as follows: Leopold I, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Higher and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Landgrave of Alsace, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Enns, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. The next year he was elected and crowned king of Hungary. Born on 9 June 1640 in Vienna, Leopold received a careful education by excellent teachers. Spanning six decades, Eugene served three Holy Roman Emperors: Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI. Louis offers Leopold troops to protect Vienna from the Ottoman Empire in exchange for Luxembourg and Strasbourg, unfortu… Leopold acquired a claim to the Spanish throne by his first marriage, in 1666, to Margarita Teresa, daughter of Philip IV of Spain; she died in 1673. In 1663 the imperial diet entered upon the last stage of its existence, and became a body permanently in session at Regensburg. Member of the House of Wittelsbach, thus his reign as Holy Roman Emperor marked the end of three centuries of uninterrupted Habsburg imperial rule. The Latin inscription reads (obverse): LEOPOLDVS D[EI] G[RATIA] R[OMANORVM] I[MPERATOR] S[EMPER] A[VGVSTVS] G[ERMANIAE] H[VNGARIAE] B[OHEMIAE] REX (reverse):ARCHID[VX] AVS[TRIAE] DVX B[VRGVNDIAE] CO[MES] TYR[OLIS] 1670. In 1692, Leopold gave up his rights to the property and he gave his rights to the property by a donation to Theresia Keglević.[8][9]. When peace returned at the end of it all, Austria could not be said to have emerged as triumphant as it did from the war against the Turks. Leopold remained influenced by the Jesuits and his education throughout his life, and was uncommonly knowledgeable for a monarch about theology, metaphysics, jurisprudence and the sciences. However, he is also said to have been open with close associates. He was feeble and childless, and attempts had been made by the European powers to arrange for a peaceable division of his extensive kingdom. There was, for example, Count Eusebius Pötting, with whom he had formed a warm friendship but who was not the right man for the post of ambassador to Madrid. Although he had no inclination for a military life, he loved exercise in the open air, such as hunting and riding; he also had a taste and talent for music and composed several Oratorios an… He recovered, however, and in 1673 married Claudia Felicitas from the Tirolian branch of the Austrian Habsburgs. Author of. Leopold’s health was bad, and, when he fell dangerously ill in 1670, everybody expected the Austrian line of the Habsburgs to become extinct. In July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, Leopold was elected Emperor at Frankfurt in spite of the French minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who sought to put the Imperial Crown on the head of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, or some other non-Habsburg prince. As the Habsburg forces retreated, they withdrew 37,000 Serb families under Peć Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević. Leopold, during his government in Tuscany, had shown a speculative tendency to grant his subjects a constitution. In 1672, however, he was forced to take action. Leopold was schooled in the classics, history, literature, natural science and astronomy, and was particularly interested in music, having inherited his father's musical talents. Leopold was a man of industry and education, and during his later years, he showed some political ability. Intended for the Church, he received a good education, but his prospects were changed by the death of his elder brother, the German king Ferdinand IV., in July 1654, when he became his father's heir. LEOPOLD (1640-1705), Roman emperor, the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III. But this was a stubborn war that would drag on till 1714, nine years after Leopold's reign which, in truth, barely had an effect on the warring nations of Europe. On the other hand, his piety and education may have caused in him a fatalistic strain which inclined him to reject all compromise on denominational questions, not always a positive characteristic in a ruler. But Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, issued an edict in 1677, in which he announced his special protection for 50 families of these expelled Jews. Emperor Leopold was not always fortunate in the choice of his ministers. After more than a decade of warfare, Leopold emerged victorious from the Great Turkish War thanks to military talents of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Joseph I, Haly Roman Emperor (26 Julie 1678 – 17 Aprile 1711) mairit Wilhelmine Amalia o Brunswick-Lüneburg an haed issue. At this time, twenty-five years after the Peace of Westphalia, the Empire was virtually a confederation of independent princes, and it was very difficult for its head to conduct any war with vigor and success, some of its members being in alliance with the enemy and others being only lukewarm in their support of the imperial interests. In 1686 the League of Augsburg was formed by the emperor and the imperial princes, to preserve the terms of the treaties of Westphalia and of Nijmegen. He entered into an alliance for the defence of the United Provinces during the Franco-Dutch War; then, after this league had collapsed owing to the defection of the elector of Brandenburg, the more durable Quadruple Alliance was formed for the same purpose, including, besides the emperor, the king of Spain and several German princes, and the war was renewed. The most important consequences of the war was in retrospect to weaken the Habsburgs as emperors but strengthen them in their own lands. On 12 September 1683, the allied army fell upon the enemy, who was completely routed, and Vienna was saved. Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha (1978). Although he had no inclination for a military life, he loved exercise in the open air, such as hunting and riding; he also had a taste and talent for music and Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. Leopold was schooled in the classics, history, literature, natural science and astronomy, and was particularly inter… Leopold I in costume as Acis in La Galatea (1667, by Jan Thomas van Ieperen). He also reigned as the king of Hungary and Bohemia and was also the grand duke of Tuscany and archduke of Austria. Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; Hungarian: I. Lipót; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and King of Serbia.The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain, Leopold became heir apparent in 1654 by the death of his elder brother Ferdinand IV. Detail of sarcophagus of Leopold I, Kapuzinergruft, Vienna, Austria. Leopold I, painted by Guido Cagnacci (1657-1658). He was followed by Wenzel Eusebius Lobkowicz. Leopold was the first to realize this altered state of affairs and act in accordance with it. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1658, Leopold would rule as such until his death in 1705. Almost immediately after the conclusion of peace Louis renewed his aggressions on the German frontier through the Réunions policy. The Prince-elector of Bavaria from 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 until his death in 1745. In English: "Leopold, by the Grace of God, Emperor of the Romans, always August, King of Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Tyrol, 1670. Hungarian Thaler of Leopold I minted in 1692. His third wife was Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, a princess of the Palatinate. emperors charles xi of sweden, king louis xiv ,frederick william ,leopold i - leopold i, holy roman emperor stock illustrations Leopold I. In addition to German, Italian would be the most favored language at his court. Before the conclusion of the war, however, Leopold had taken measures to strengthen his hold upon this country. Leopold and Margarita Teresa of Austria's children: His second wife was Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria, the heiress of Tyrol. May 5, 1747, Vienna; d.March 1, 1792, Vienna; Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792; after Joseph II died in February 1790, Leopold was elected emperor and also became king of Hungary and archduke of Austria) The whole European position was now bound up with events in England, and the tension lasted until 1688, when William III of Orange won the English crown through the Glorious Revolution and Louis invaded Germany. Coxe described Leopold in the following manner: "His gait was stately, slow and deliberate; his air pensive, his address awkward, his manner uncouth, his disposition cold and phlegmatic. Leopold I (1640–1705) Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705). Unusually for his time, he opposed capital punishment and abolished it in Tuscany in 1786 during his rule there, making it the first nation in modern history to do so. From an early age Leopold showed an inclination toward learning. Contents. But Fate put in motion a different plan for him when smallpox took his elder brother Ferdinand on 9 July 1654 and made Leopold heir apparent. Originally intended for the Church, Leopold had received a suitably ecclesiastical education. Heide Dienst; Professor, Institute of Austrian History Research, University of Vienna. Because his jaw was depicted unusually large on a 1670 silver coin, Leopold was nicknamed "the Hogmouth"; however, most collectors do not believe the coin was an accurate depiction. He recognized the Estates of his different dominions as "the pillars of the monarchy", pacified the Hungarians and Bohemians, and divided the insurgents in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) by means of concessions. : Realizing the gravity of the situation somewhat tardily, some of the German princes, among them the electors of Saxony and Bavaria, led their contingents to the Imperial Army, which was commanded by the emperor's brother-in-law, Charles, duke of Lorraine, but the most redoubtable of Leopold's allies was the king of Poland, John Sobieski, who was already dreaded by the Turks. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. However, the Habsburgs did gain some benefits out of the wars; the Protestant aristocracy in Habsburg territories had been decimated, and the ties between Vienna and the Habsburg domains in Bohemia and elsewhere were greatly strengthened. From his religiosity, however, also derived a fatalistic strain, which had its negative side for a ruling monarch. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1658, Leopold would rule as such until his death in 1705. She died at the age of twenty-two on 2 September 1676; their two daughters also died. Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. Leopold's predecessor, Ferdinand III, had allied with King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland in 1656. [citation needed]. In 1666, he married Margarita Teresa of Austria (1651–1673), daughter of King Philip IV of Spain, who was both his niece and his first cousin. Made lord high steward by his pupil, Portia retained his influence with Leopold until his death in 1665. The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain, Leopold became heir apparent in 1654 by the death of his elder brother Ferdinand IV. From an early age Leopold showed an inclination toward learning. He grew to manhood without the military ambition that characterized most of his fellow monarchs. Leopold had left the capital with his court to await the outcome at Passau. Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; Hungarian: I. Lipót; 9 Juin 1640 – 5 Mey 1705) wis Holy Roman Emperor, Keeng o Hungary an Croatie an Keeng o Bohemie.. Issue. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. Both had arranged some connections to France without the knowledge of the emperor. Outline Descent Trees (235: 1456-2011) Maximilian I of Austria [1458/59 - 1518/19] 6C16 Leopold's reign is known for the conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the east, and the rivalry with Louis XIV, a contemporary and first cousin, in the west. found: Britannica online, 2 Jan 1997 (Leopold II; b. He became fluent in several languages: Latin, Italian, German, French, and Spanish. "The Latter Years of Leopold I and his Court, 1700–1705: A Pernicious Factionalism". By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. But Fate pu… Silver coin of Leopold I, 3 Kreuzer, dated 1670. When his elder brother, Ferdinand IV, died quite unexpectedly (July 9, 1654), Leopold suddenly found himself heir apparent to the Austrian Habsburg lands. The early course of the war was not favorable to the Imperialists, but the tide of defeat had been rolled back by the great victory of Blenheim before Leopold died on 5 May 1705. Engaged in a serious struggle with the Ottoman Empire, the emperor was again slow to move, and although he joined the Association League against France in 1682 he was glad to make a truce at Regensburg two years later. IHL 3 Key G minor Movements/Sections Mov'ts/Sec's: 5 Year/Date of Composition Y/D of Comp. The net result of these and similar changes was to weaken the authority of the emperor over the members of the Empire and to compel him to rely more and more upon his position as ruler of the Austrian archduchies and of Hungary and Bohemia. He was also a … Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Born December 8, 1708 Father Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (1679-1729) (50 years) Mother Élisabeth Charlotte, Princess of Orléans (1676-1744) (68 years) Marriage 1736-65 (29 years, died) Died August 18, 1765 (56 years) Leopold fought three wars against France – the Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. In addition to German, Italian would be the most favored language at his court. Elected in 1658, Leopold ruled the Holy Roman Empire until his death in 1705, becoming the longest-ruling Habsburg emperor (46 years and 9 months). Jul 26, 2015 - Leopold II (German: Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; Italian: Pietro Leopoldo Giuseppe Antonio Gioacchino Pio Gottardo; English: Peter Leopold Joseph Anthony Joachim Pius Godehard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792), was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. etc. Autograph letter signed from Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Vienna, to Marqués de Astorga, de Velada and de Sancto Romano, orator at the Holy See, 1671 November 6. p. S69. The peace with France lasted for about four years and then Europe was involved in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1700, Leopold, greatly in need of help for the impending war with France, granted the title of king in Prussia to the elector of Brandenburg. 1673 First Pub lication. She was the blonde princess depicted in Diego Velázquez' masterpiece Las Meninas. of Spain, was born on the 9th of June 1640. 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